Background: Brain and central nervous system tumors are the most common solid tumors in childhood, with incidence and distribution rates varying between countries and/or ethnicity. We investigated the epidemiologic characteristics of childhood brain tumors (CBTs) in Korea. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database in the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) from 2005 to 2014 to investigate the incidence and survival rate of patients with CBTs aged 0-19 years. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was used for incidence analysis. CBT classification refers to CBTRUS classification. Results: A total of 6,027 children were diagnosed with CBT and 4,000 of them (66%) were confirmed by histology. The boys/girls ratio was 1.04:1. The ASR of all CBTs was 5.16 per 100,000 children (95%CI, 5.03-5.29). The ASR of all CBTs tended to increase over 10 years, however, there was no statistical significance (Annual percentage change 1.8%, p=0.06). Glioma (ASR=1.28) was the most common histologic type, followed by embryonal tumor (ASR=0.61), pituitary tumor (ASR=0.52) and germ cell tumor (ASR=0.49). The ASR of unspecified neoplasm was 0.74. Embryonal tumor (ASR=0.74) was the most common in children aged 0-14 years, whereas pituitary tumor (ASR=1.63) was most common in children aged 15-19 years. The 5-year overall survival (OS) of all CBTs was 84%. The prognosis of gliomas varied according to the subtype (17% to 97%), and the prognosis was lowest in glioblastoma. Conclusion: To date, this large population-based study provides the most reliable incidence and survival data for CBTs in Korea.